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<p>C source code may be written in any 8-bit character set that includes the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_646" class="extiw" title="enwiki:ISO 646">ISO 646:1983</a> invariant character set, even non-ASCII ones. However, several C operators and punctuators require characters that are outside of the ISO 646 codeset: <code>{, }, [, ], #, \, ^, |, ~</code>. To be able to use character encodings where some or all of these symbols do not exist (such as the German <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIN_66003">DIN 66003</a>), there are two possibilities: alternative spellings of operators that use these characters or special combinations of two or three ISO 646 compatible characters that are interpreted as if they were a single non-ISO 646 character.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Operator_macros.28C95.29">Operator macros<span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c95">(C95)</span></span></h2>
<p>There are alternative spellings for the operators that use non-ISO646 characters, defined in <code><b>&lt;iso646.h&gt;</b></code> as macros:
</p>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">

<tr class="t-dsc-header">
<td colspan="2"> <div>Defined in header <code>&lt;iso646.h&gt;</code> </div>
</td></tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-hitem">
<td>  Primary
</td>
<td>  Alternative
</td></tr>


<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>&amp;&amp;</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td>   <code>and</code>  <br> <span class="t-mark">(operator macro)</span>
</td></tr>


<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>&amp;=</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td>   <code>and_eq</code>  <br> <span class="t-mark">(operator macro)</span>
</td></tr>


<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>&amp;</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td>   <code>bitand</code>  <br> <span class="t-mark">(operator macro)</span>
</td></tr>


<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>|</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td>   <code>bitor</code>  <br> <span class="t-mark">(operator macro)</span>
</td></tr>


<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>~</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td>   <code>compl</code>  <br> <span class="t-mark">(operator macro)</span>
</td></tr>


<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>!</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td>   <code>not</code>  <br> <span class="t-mark">(operator macro)</span>
</td></tr>


<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>!=</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td>   <code>not_eq</code>  <br> <span class="t-mark">(operator macro)</span>
</td></tr>


<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>||</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td>   <code>or</code>  <br> <span class="t-mark">(operator macro)</span>
</td></tr>


<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>|=</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td>   <code>or_eq</code>  <br> <span class="t-mark">(operator macro)</span>
</td></tr>


<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>^</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td>   <code>xor</code>  <br> <span class="t-mark">(operator macro)</span>
</td></tr>


<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>^=</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td>   <code>xor_eq</code>  <br> <span class="t-mark">(operator macro)</span>
</td></tr>

</table>
<p>The characters <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy3">&amp;</span></span></span> and <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy3">!</span></span></span> are invariant under ISO-646, but alternatives are provided for the operators that use these characters anyway to accommodate even more restrictive historical charsets.
</p><p>There is no alternative spelling (such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">eq</span></span>) for the equality operator <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy1">==</span></span></span> because the character <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy1">=</span></span></span> was present in all supported charsets.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Alternative_tokens.28C95.29">Alternative tokens<span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c95">(C95)</span></span></h2>
<p>The following alternative tokens are part of the core language, and, in all respects of the language, each alternative token behaves exactly the same as its primary token, except for its spelling (the <a href="../preprocessor/replace.html" title="c/preprocessor/replace">stringification operator</a> can make the spelling visible). The two-letter alternative tokens are sometimes called "digraphs"
</p><p><br>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">

<tr style="text-align: left;">
<th> Primary
</th>
<th> Alternative
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>{</code> </td>
<td> <code>&lt;%</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code></code>} </td>
<td> <code>%&gt;</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>[</code> </td>
<td> <code>&lt;:</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>]</code> </td>
<td> <code>:&gt;</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>#</code> </td>
<td> <code>%:</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>##</code> </td>
<td> <code>%:%:</code>
</td></tr></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Trigraphs">Trigraphs</span></h2>
<p>The following three-character groups (trigraphs) are <a href="translation_phases.html" title="c/language/translation phases">parsed before comments and string literals are recognized</a>, and each appearance of a trigraph is replaced by the corresponding primary character:
</p>
<table class="wikitable">

<tr style="text-align: left;">
<th> Primary
</th>
<th> Trigraph
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>{</code> </td>
<td> <code>??&lt;</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code></code>} </td>
<td> <code>??&gt;</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>[</code> </td>
<td> <code>??(</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>]</code> </td>
<td> <code>??)</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>#</code> </td>
<td> <code>??=</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>\</code> </td>
<td> <code>??/</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>^</code> </td>
<td> <code>??'</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>|</code> </td>
<td> <code>??!</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>~</code> </td>
<td> <code>??-</code>
</td></tr></table>
<p>Because trigraphs are processed early, a comment such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="co1">// Will the next line be executed?????/</span></span></span> will effectively comment out the following line, and the string literal such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">"What's going on??!"</span></span></span> is parsed as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">"What's going on|"</span></span></span>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><p>The following example demonstrates alternative operator spellings from the <code><b>&lt;iso646.h&gt;</b></code> header as well as use of digraphs and trigraphs.
The space character in the first command-line argument, argv[1], requires the quotation marks: ", World!".</p><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy4">:</span>include <span class="sy1">&lt;</span>stdlib.<span class="me1">h</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span>
<span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy4">:</span>include <span class="sy1">&lt;</span>stdio.<span class="me1">h</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span>
<span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy4">:</span>include <span class="sy1">&lt;</span>iso646.<span class="me1">h</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> argc, <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">**</span> argv<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="sy4">??</span><span class="sy1">&lt;</span>
    <span class="kw1">if</span> <span class="br0">(</span>argc <span class="sy1">&gt;</span> <span class="nu0">1</span> and argv<span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="sy4">:</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">:</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span> not_eq <a href="../types/NULL.html"><span class="kw103">NULL</span></a><span class="br0">)</span>
    <span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="sy2">%</span>
       <a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"Hello%s<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, argv<span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="sy4">:</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">:</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span>
 
    <span class="kw1">return</span> <a href="../program/EXIT_status.html"><span class="kw493">EXIT_SUCCESS</span></a><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="sy4">??</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Possible output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">Hello, World!</pre></div></div> 
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">

</table>

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